How do antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) function?

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) primarily function by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain, which is crucial for preventing the abnormal firing of neurons that characterizes seizures. These medications work through various mechanisms, such as enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or blocking sodium and calcium channels, which decreases neuronal excitability. By stabilizing the membrane potential of neurons, AEDs help to prevent the excessive synchronization that can lead to seizures.

In contrast, increasing neurotransmitter release is more associated with conditions like mood disorders or cognitive enhancement, rather than seizure control. Stimulating nerve regeneration is outside the typical scope of AEDs; instead, they focus on modulating existing neuronal activity to prevent seizures. Enhancing muscle contraction is unrelated to seizures or their treatment, as AEDs do not primarily influence muscle function but rather focus on the central nervous system and its electrical activity. Therefore, the stabilization of electrical activity in the brain is the fundamental way in which AEDs exert their therapeutic effects.