What effect does chronic stress have on cortisol levels?

Chronic stress has a significant impact on cortisol levels, leading to sustained increases in these levels over time. When an individual experiences prolonged stress, the body consistently activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This activation results in the continuous secretion of cortisol, a key stress hormone, to help manage and respond to stressors.

Cortisol plays a crucial role in various bodily functions including metabolism, immune response, and blood pressure regulation. In a state of chronic stress, the persistent elevation of cortisol can lead to adverse health effects, such as immune dysfunction, increased risk of chronic diseases, and various psychological issues.

Other options suggest that cortisol levels either decrease, fluctuate, or are maintained at normal levels, which does not adequately reflect the consistent nature of cortisol release during chronic stress situations. This understanding is essential for recognizing the implications of chronic stress on physical and emotional health.